Photobiont:

Chemistry: Benzoic acid (Bachelor & Cheriyan 1976, Huneck & Yoshimura 1996: 155). 4-0-methylolivetolcarboxylic acid (Huneck & Yoshimura 1996: 159).

Ecology:

Molecular data: Genbank

Distribution: Database

Note: Högberg et al. (2002: 1192) state "In L. vulpina, all individuals produce abundant soredia and/or isidioid soredia, but ascomata are rare in western North America and exceedingly rare in Europe. From Sweden, Ahlner (1948) reported six localities with L. vulpina producing ascomata in Dalarna from 1895 to 1941 and one in Härjedalen in 1916. The last finding of ascomata in Sweden was from Transtrand parish in 1941, but more recent findings have been reported from continental Europe (Rondon 1971; P.Pfeiffer, personal communication)." Own observations (T. Feuerer) show that there are locally richly fertile populations of Letharia vulpina in the Alps, e.g. at the road to the Timmelsjoch in the Ötz valley at about xxx meters. Optimal environmental conditions given, L. vulpina is regularily fertile.